What Is Infertility? – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
Introduction: What is Infertility?
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive or sustain a pregnancy after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse—or six months for women over the age of 35. It is a deeply personal and often challenging journey that can evoke a mix of emotions, including heartbreak over failed pregnancies, fear of never becoming parents, and self-doubt. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infertility affects about 1 in 7 couples worldwide, touching both men and women equally. It can arise due to issues affecting one or both partners and is broadly classified into two types: primary and secondary infertility.
Primary vs. Secondary Infertility
Primary Infertility
: The inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term for couples who have never had a child. This is the most common form of infertility.
Secondary Infertility
: When a couple has successfully conceived and given birth to one or more children in the past but is now unable to conceive again or carry a subsequent pregnancy to term. Although less common, it can be equally challenging emotionally and physically.
Symptoms of Infertility
Infertility is often identified by the inability to conceive despite consistent efforts. Some related symptoms may include:
- In Women:
- Irregular or absent menstrual cycles, potentially indicating ovulation issues.
- Painful periods or intercourse, which could signal conditions like endometriosis.
- Getting regular periods but still unable to conceive.
- In Men:
- Low sperm count or poor motility.
- Hormonal imbalances affecting sexual function or sperm quality.
Causes of Infertility
Infertility can stem from various factors that may affect either partner or both.
In Women:
Ovulation Disorders
: Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hormonal imbalances.
Fallopian Tube Blockages
: Preventing sperm from reaching the egg.
Endometriosis
: Affecting reproductive organs.
- Age: A natural decline in fertility after age 35.
Uterine or Cervical Issues
: Fibroids or structural irregularities.
In Men:
Low Sperm Count
: Reducing chances of fertilization.
Poor Sperm Motility
: Hindering sperm movement toward the egg.
Structural Issues
: Varicocele or blockages in the reproductive tract.
Lifestyle Factors
: Smoking, alcohol use, and stress.
Unexplained Infertility
In some cases, no specific cause can be identified even after thorough medical evaluation. Known as unexplained infertility, this condition can be particularly frustrating for couples. However, various treatment options are available to help increase the chances of conception despite an unclear diagnosis.
Treatment Options for Infertility
Treatment depends on the cause and should always be undertaken under the care of a qualified specialist doctor. Based on a thorough evaluation, the doctor may recommend:
1 Lifestyle Adjustments:
- Balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress reduction.
- Avoiding toxins like tobacco and excessive alcohol.
2 Medical Treatments:
Medications
: A doctor may prescribe fertility drugs like Clomiphene or Letrozole to stimulate ovulation in women, or medications to balance hormones for men.
Surgery
: A specialist may recommend procedures to correct anatomical issues like blocked tubes, endometriosis, or varicocele.
3 Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART):
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI):
Sperm is placed directly into the uterus.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF):
Eggs and sperm are combined in a lab, and embryos are implanted in the uterus.
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):
A single sperm is injected directly into an egg.
4. Emotional and Psychological Support:
Infertility counselling
Addressing the stress, anxiety, and relationship challenges.
- Guidance on navigating treatment options and coping strategies.
5 Alternative Paths to Parenthood
For those unable to conceive naturally, other family-building options may include:
Adoption
: A fulfilling path to parenthood legally permitted in Singapore.
Surrogacy
: Currently not legal in Singapore but available internationally.
Impact of Infertility on Emotional and Mental Health
Infertility affects more than the body; it profoundly touches emotional and mental health. Common experiences include:
- Grief and Loss: Mourning the inability to conceive naturally or the heartbreak of failed pregnancies.
- Stress and Anxiety: Managing uncertainty around treatment outcomes.
- Shame and Guilt: Feelings of inadequacy, self-blame, or shame can be especially intense in cases of delayed pregnancy, later marriages, or a history of earlier abortion.
- Relationship Strain: Navigating different coping mechanisms with a partner.
Infertility counselling offers a safe, non-judgmental space to explore these emotions and develop coping strategies. At Listening Ear Counselling & Consultancy, we specialise in helping individuals and couples find resilience and clarity through compassionate support.
Coping with Infertility: Practical Tips
Infertility can be a long and difficult journey, but there are strategies to help manage the stress:
- Seek Emotional Support: Talking to a trusted friend, support group, or infertility counsellor can provide relief and perspective.
- Set Realistic Expectations: Recognise that treatments can take time and may not be immediately successful.
- Focus on Self-Care: Prioritise activities that bring joy and relaxation to reduce stress.
- Educate Yourself: Understanding the medical aspects of infertility can empower you to make informed choices.
- Consider Counselling: Infertility counselling can address emotional stress and strengthen your relationship with your partner.
Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment.
FAQs about Infertility
What is infertility?
- Infertility is the inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse (or six months for women over 35). It can be due to various factors affecting one or both partners.
What are the common causes of infertility?
- Causes include hormonal imbalances, ovulation disorders, fallopian tube blockages, male sperm issues, and unexplained factors.
How is infertility diagnosed?
- Diagnosis involves tests for both partners, including hormone levels, imaging studies, semen analysis, and sometimes genetic testing.
What treatments are available for infertility?
- Treatment options range from lifestyle changes and medications to assisted reproductive technologies like IVF and IUI.
Is surrogacy an option in Singapore?
- No, surrogacy is not legally permitted in Singapore. However, couples may explore international options with proper legal and counselling support.
How can infertility affect mental health?
- Infertility often leads to stress, anxiety, grief, and feelings of inadequacy. Counselling can help manage these emotions and provide support.
Final Thoughts
Infertility is a deeply personal and often challenging journey that touches every aspect of life—from relationships and self-identity to emotional well-being. With a variety of medical treatments, alternative family-building options, and supportive counselling services, individuals and couples facing infertility can find a path forward that aligns with their values and dreams.
At Listening Ear Counselling & Consultancy, we’re here to support you every step of the way. Our services encompass a holistic approach to infertility, offering specialised support through:
- IVF Counselling: Guiding you through the emotional and relational aspects of in vitro fertilisation and its unique demands.
- Adoption Counselling: Helping you explore adoption as a meaningful path to parenthood, providing emotional support and preparation.
- Sperm and Egg Donation Counselling: Addressing the complexities and emotional considerations involved in third-party reproduction.
- Pregnancy Counselling: Offering support for expectant parents, addressing both the joys and concerns that accompany pregnancy.
- Miscarriage and Pregnancy Loss Counselling: Providing compassionate guidance through grief and helping you navigate the healing process.
Our infertility counselling services are designed to provide you with a safe space to process emotions, build resilience, and make informed, thoughtful family-building decisions. For more information on each of these services, visit our Infertility Counselling page to explore how we can support you on your journey.